Operantes Konditionieren

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B. F. SKINNER
OPERANT CONDITIONING
OPERANT BEHAVIORS ARE ACTIONS THAT INDIVIDUALS
TAKE TO MEET THE DEMANDS OF THEIR ENVIRONMENTS
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Operantes Konditionieren
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)Psychologe,
LerntheoretikerEntwickelte die Prinzipien
desoperanten Konditionierens
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B. F. Skinner
Skinner elaborated on Thorndikes Law of
Effect Rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur
External influences, not internal thoughts
feelings, govern behavior.
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Early Operant Conditioning

• E.L. Thorndike (1898)
• Puzzle boxes and cats

First Trial in Box
After Many Trials in Box
Scratch at bars
Scratch at bars
Push at ceiling
Push at ceiling
Situation stimuli inside of puzzle box
Situation stimuli inside of puzzle box
Dig at floor
Dig at floor
Howl
Howl
Etc.
Etc.
Etc.
Etc.
Press lever
Press lever
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Operant Conditioning

• Skinner Box
• soundproof chamber with a bar or key that an
  animal presses or pecks to release a food or
  water reward
• contains a device to record responses

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TYPE S CONDITIONING (RESPONDENT)
SD
R
TYPE R CONDITIONING (OPERANT)
SR
SD
R
TEACHER ASKS QUESTION
STUDENT RAISES HAND
TEACHER SAYS AN A FOR
YOU!
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REINFORCEMENT
The only defining characteristic of a
reinforcing stimulus is that it reinforces
(Skinner, 1953, p. 72).
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• Schedules of reinforcement

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Vier Arten von Verhaltenskonsequenzen
Wahrscheinlichkeit der Verhaltenswiederholung
1. Belohnung Positive Verstärkung (Positive
Reinforcement) Ein bestimmtes Verhalten hat eine
positive Konsequenz Bsp Sie lernen hart und
erhalten eine sehr gute Note. 2. Bestrafung
(Punishment) Ein bestimmtes Verhalten hat eine
negative Konsequenz Bsp Sie fahren zu schnell
und erhalten eine saftige Busse. 3. Negative
Verstärkung (Negative Reinforcement) Ein
Verhalten entfernt negative oder unangenehme
Stimuli Bsp TV-Sendestörung Sie stellen ab und
beenden Rauschen. 4. Entzug eines positiven
Stimulus (Omission) Ein Verhalten entfernt
positive oder angenehme Stimuli Bsp Party Sie
machen zu viel Lärm. Gastgeber stellt Musik ab.
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Principles of Reinforcement

• Primary Reinforcer
• innately reinforcing stimulus
• satisfies a biological need
• Secondary Reinforcer
• conditioned reinforcer
• learned through association with primary
  reinforcer

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Punishment

• Punishment
• aversive event that decreases the behavior that
  it follows
• powerful controller of unwanted behavior

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Problems with Punishment

• Punished behavior is not forgotten, it's
  suppressed- behavior returns when punishment is
  no longer eminent
• Causes increased aggression- shows that
  aggression is a way to cope with problems-
  Explains why aggressive delinquents and abusive
  parents come from abusive homes

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Problems with Punishment

• Creates fear that can generalize to desirable
  behaviors, e.g. fear of school, learned
  helplessness, depression
• Does not necessarily guide toward desired
  behavior- reinforcement tells you what to
  do--punishment tells you what not to do-
  Combination of punishment and reward can be more
  effective than punishment alone
• Punishment teaches how to avoid it

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Punishment
Opposite of Reinforcement Attempts to
decrease behavior by introducing an unpleasant
punisher

• Problems With Punishment
• Behavior is not forgotten - merely suppressed
• (may reappear in other situations)
• P does not guide toward acceptable behavior
• (doesnt tell you what you should do)

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BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
If the occurrence of an operant is followed by
presentation of a reinforcing stimulus, the
strength is increased . . . if the occurrence of
an operant already strengthened through
conditioning is not followed by the
reinforcing stimulus, the strength is
decreased.
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John Watson on Children Never hug and kiss
them, never let them sit on your lap. If you
must, kiss them once on the forehead when they
say good night. Shake hands with them in the
morning. Give them a pat on the head if they have
made an extraordinarily good job of a difficult
task. Try it out. In a week's time you will find
how easy it is to be perfectly objective with
your child and at the same time kindly. You will
be utterly ashamed of the mawkish, sentimental
way you have been handling it.
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning

• Cognitive Map
• mental representation of the layout of ones
  environment
• example- after exploring a maze, rats act as if
  they have learned a cognitive map of it
• Latent Learning
• learning that occurs, but is not apparent until
  there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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Latent Learning
Average errors
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Observational Learning

• Observational Learning
• learning by observing and imitating others
• Modeling
• process of observing and imitating behavior
• Prosocial Behavior
• positive, constructive, helpful behavior
• opposite of antisocial behavior

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Is There No Cognition?
Can we think? Do we think?
Rats can learn maze even without
reinforcement Cognitive Maps
Cog Map rats perform as well as Reinforced rats
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Applications of Operant Conditioning
Need for more individualized instruction to shape
behavior toward learning goal (CAI and ITS)
Profit sharing positive reinforcement for jobs
well done
Follow principles of positive reinforcement for
better studying!
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Learning By Observation
Albert Bandura the Bobo doll
Both () and (-) actions can be learned by
observing others
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